Course Descriptions & Syllabus

Acupuncture
Herbology
Western Medical Course
Clinical Training
Business Course

Acupuncture

3000.1A Foundations of Oriental Medicine I
This course examines the philosophical and conceptual roots of acupuncture and Oriental medicine within the context of the historical development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Viewed within its 2,500 year written history, the philosophies of Yin/Yang Theory and Five Element Theory come alive when viewed through the lens of Chinese culture. These philosophies provide the foundational concepts for developing an understanding of the basic theories of acupuncture and Oriental medicine.

3700.2A Foundations of Oriental Medicine II
This course builds upon the foundational concepts of Yin/Yang Theory, Five Element Theory, and the basic theories involved with etiology and physiology of Oriental medicine by teaching the identification of disease patterns by Eight Principles, by Pathogens, and by Qi, Blood, and Body Fluids. Coursework covers the identification of disease patterns according to Eight Principles: Yin, Yang, Heat, Cold, Interior, Exterior, Excess, and Deficiency. The course also surveys the changes that occur when the body is invaded by pathogenic factors (i.e. Wind, Dampness, Dryness, Cold, Heat, Summer Heat, and Fire). Students will also learn the basic patterns of disharmony of Qi (i.e. Deficiency, Stagnation, and Rebellion of Qi), Blood (i.e. Deficiency, Stasis, Heat, and loss of Blood), and Body Fluids (i.e. edema, Phlegm, and Deficiency of Fluids).
Prerequisites: 3000.1A, 3010.0A, 3020.0A, 3030.1A, 3100.1A , 3300.1A, 3400.1W, 3200.1A, 3050.0A, 3500.0B

4300.3A Foundations of Oriental Medicine III
This course rounds out students’ understanding of the basic theories that provide the foundation for diagnosis and treatment within Oriental medicine. Coursework will cover the identification of disease patterns according to six channel theory, four level theory, and basic theories of the San Jiao, as formulated by Zhang Zhong Jing, Ye Tian Shi, and Wu Ju Tong respectively. It will also cover more advanced aspects of meridian theory. In addition, the course will assist students in mastering the basic principles that practitioners use in developing an acupuncture treatment plan appropriate to the patient’s primary and secondary health concerns. This course will include discussion of the evaluation of the relative importance of chronic and acute conditions and the selection of appropriate acupuncture points. Prerequisites: 3700.2A, 3730.2A, 3770.0A, 4100.2A,4000.2W, 4175.0B

3010.0A Basic Theory and Physiology of Oriental Medicine
This course surveys the fundamental substances of Qi, Blood and body Fluids, and the functions and
characteristics of the Zang Fu organs including their interrelationships and the characteristics of the channels which form the underlying basics of Traditional Chinese Medical physiology. Prerequisite: 3000.1A

3020.0A Basic Theory and Etiology of Oriental Medicine
This course explores the internal and external causes which give rise to the onset of disease, among them are the six pernicious influences, the seven emotions, diet, lifestyle, sexual activity, physical activity, and miscellaneous factors (prenatal, preadolescent, adolescent, and adult influences). Prerequisite: 3001.A

3030.1A Oriental Medical Diagnostic Skills I
This course teaches how to evaluate and diagnose patients by inspection of the tongue and other body parts and by palpation of pulse variations. Body palpation, asking, listening and smelling are also covered as diagnostic techniques. 3000.1A, 3010.0A, 3020.0A, 3500.B

3730.2A Oriental Medical Diagnostic Skills II
This course teaches how to evaluate and diagnose patients by inspection of the tongue and other body parts and by palpation of pulse variations. Body palpation, asking, listening and smelling are also covered as diagnostic techniques. Prerequisites 3030.1A, 3500.B

3100.1A Foundations in Acupuncture Needling Techniques and Adjunctive Therapies
This course, presented in lecture and practicum, prepares students with instruction on proper clean field acupuncture protocol and clean needle technique along with the knowledge and clinical application of universal precautions. Coursework in clean needle technique includes instruction and practice in assisting students in the development of an acupuncture travel kit in preparation for the required Clean Needle Technique class and exam administered by the Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (CCAOM). The course also provides knowledge and practice in using various approaches to acupuncture needling, including an introduction to needling styles and techniques. The course also covers the therapeutic use of Moxibustion, Cupping, Electro-stimulation, and Gua sha techniques. Students are provided instruction with a focus on practitioner demonstrations along with supervised practice in using these techniques on themselves in class as preparation for later clinical practice in the student intern clinic. Prerequisite: 3500.B

3300.1A Acupuncture Meridian Theory and Point Location I
This course focuses on the basic Meridian Theory to provide students with an understanding of the dynamics of Channel Theory along with knowledge of the pathways of each of the 12 regular meridians and the 8 extra vessels. The coursework will also cover the 12 divergent meridians, 12 muscle regions, 12 cutaneous regions and 15 collaterals. Understanding of the dynamics and pathways of meridians provides students with the foundational knowledge required for in-depth examination and mastery of the location, functions, and indications/contraindications for the use of the acupuncture points of the Lung, Large Intestine, Stomach, Spleen, Heart, and Small Intestine meridians.

3900.2A Acupuncture Point Location II Prerequisites 3300.1A, 3100.1A, 3500.B
4500.3A Acupuncture Point Location III Prerequisites: 3900.2A, 3100.1A, 3500.B, 4175.0B
These courses examine in-depth the location and indications/contraindications for the use and functions of all acupuncture points of the lung, large intestine, stomach, spleen, heart, small intestine, bladder, kidney, gallbladder, San Jiao, liver, pericardium, and the Ren and Du meridians.

4100.2A Practicum in Acupuncture Needling Techniques and Adjunctive Therapies
This course provides both clinical knowledge and hands-on practice in the skills involved in acupuncture needling techniques and adjunctive Oriental therapies such as Moxibustion, Cupping, and Electro-stimulation. Coursework prepares students regarding proper clean field technique. Under faculty guidance and supervision, students learn how to administer various acupuncture and adjunctive treatments by practicing techniques on one another in preparation for treating patients in clinical settings.
Prerequisites 3300.1A, 3500.B

3770.0A Identification of Disease Patterns: Internal Organs
This course teaches the identification of disease patterns of the Zang and Fu internal organs that are based on the signs and symptoms that arise when the Qi and blood of these organs are out of balance.
Prerequisites: 3010.0A, 3020.0A, 3030.1A, 3100.1A, 3300.1A, 3500.0B, 3400.1W

3050.0A Qi Gong and Tai Ji
This course introduces the concepts and practice of Qi Gong and Tai Ji as it relates to Oriental medicine. Students will learn the history, types, and general training concepts of Qi Gong and Tai Ji for optimal health along with clinical application for patient care.

3200.1A Oriental Bodywork--Tui-Na Therapy I
This course introduces a variety of commonly used manipulations for adults, their definition, operation, requirement, and clinical application. Prerequisite: 3500.B

3800.2A Oriental Bodywork – Tui-Na Therapy II
This course covers the instruction and practice of the advanced manipulation techniques of Tui-Na therapy and its appropriate application to numerous musculo-skeletal disorders and selected internal disorders with reference to pertinent differential diagnosis. Prerequisites 3200.1A, 3500.B

3950.0A Micro-System Acupuncture
This course covers the anatomy, theory and techniques of ear acupuncture, also known as auricular medicine, and scalp acupuncture. Coursework covers the foundational principles of auricular medicine, along with the location and function of auricular points and the application of auricular medicine in theory and practice. The course will also provide instruction in advanced, practical, and systematic techniques of auricular medicine for the treatment of various symptoms and diseases, along with more detailed techniques in using auricular medicine to diagnose and treat various diseases and conditions. In addition, coursework will cover the anatomy, theory, and techniques used in scalp acupuncture for the treatment of various symptoms and diseases. Students will learn the efficacy and use of ear acupuncture in theory as well as its practical application. Prerequisite: 3700.2A, 3900.2A, 3030.1A, 3770.0A, 3500.0B, 4000.2W

4700.1A Acupuncture Case Studies I
This course presents and discusses case studies from clinical observation, experience and from selected readings with analysis of treatment plans and principles. A clinical case studies format as an educational approach provides an immediate context for mastery and retention of the clinical knowledge and skills required for best practices along with integrating formal knowledge with clinical experience. In addition, a case studies approach brings relevance to the subject, which is a key characteristic of adult learning. It also provides opportunities for the standardization of learning outcomes along with individualization of the learning process. Topics covered include: common colds, diarrhea, constipation, impotence, palpitations, dizziness, and urinary tract disorders.
Prerequisites: 3700.2A, 3900.2A, 3030.1A, 3770.0A, 4000.2W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B

5100.2A Acupuncture Case Studies II and Evidence-Based Medicine
This course examines the practice of Oriental medicine from the perspective of the processes involved from patient intake to prognosis. Clinical cases from both personal experience to those found in selected readings provide the framework to examine the clinical experience from initial patient intake and examinations through identification of ominous signs, diagnosis, treatment, adjunctive therapies, lifestyle medicine, and prognosis. This educational approach supports FCIM’s goals of self-directed learning, problem-solving, and critical thinking and supports student learning by providing an immediate context and relevance to the medical subjects discussed. Studying a subject through a case studies format also provides opportunities for the integration of formal knowledge and clinical experience. Through this process students will also become familiar with the study of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and the process involved in developing habits of inquiry and innovation. Topics covered in this course include the diagnosis and treatment of musculo-skeletal disorders, osteoarthritis, Atrophy syndrome, strokes, headaches, tiredness, facial pain, facial paralysis, hypertension, Chest Bi Syndrome, gastro-intestinal disorders, and gynecological disorders. The capstone of this course is a research project that involves both a written and an oral presentation of a student-selected case study with history, examinations, lab results (if pertinent), diagnosis, treatment principles, treatment prescriptions of acupuncture, herbal medicine, adjunctive therapies as warranted (i.e. Moxibustion, Tui-na, Cupping, Gua sha, Food Therapy, etc.) lifestyle medicine recommendations (i.e. dietary, exercise, stillness practices, etc. ), the recommended course of treatment, patient’s progress, referrals (if needed), case review and analysis, and prognosis. The written essay may be placed in the College’s library. Prerequisites 4700.1A, 3500.0B, 5960.0B, 4175.0B

6500.1A Treatment of Common Diseases
This course presents acupuncture treatments for internal, external, traumatalogical, gynecological, pediatric diseases and diseases of the five sense organs, and acupoint injection therapy. Prerequisites 5100.2A, 5400.4W, 5440.0W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B

5200.0A Neuro-Acupuncture
This course combines acupuncture meridian theory, points, and the central nervous system into an application for the treatment of various neurological conditions. Students will learn using the acupuncture points or non-points for different neurological diseases. Prerequisites 3700.2A, 3900.2A, 3030.1A, 3770.0A, 4000.2W, 4600.3W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B

5700.1A NCCAOM Acupuncture and Biomedicine Review
This course will entail a comprehensive review for the National Commission for the Certification of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine examination. The course also includes oriental medicine foundation theory, acupuncture theory and bio-medicine review.

Herbology

4400.1H Herbology I and Oriental Herbal Diagnostic Methods
Chinese herbal medical history, botanical families, plant part terminology, major herb groups, herb properties, major formula groups, formulation principles, methods of preparation, formula modification and dispensing of herbs are covered in this course. Prerequisites 3030.1A, 3700.2A, 3770.0A, 3900.2A

5000.2H Herbology II Prerequisites 4400.1H
6000.3H Herbology III Prerequisites 5000.2H
These courses teach a minimum of 300 herbs covering taste, entering meridian, botanical and Chinese names, meaning of the Chinese character, functions and indications, important biochemical components, incompatibility with other herbs, dosage and herb identification.

5800.1H Herbal Formulas I
This course presents a minimum of 150 formulas. Specifically covered are the meaning of formula names, the herbs and their functions for each formula, the amount of the individual herbs, major functions and indications of each formula, contraindications, major modifications and usual methods of preparation, and modification of the formulas for the various patterns of disharmony. Prerequisites: 5000.2H, 5400.4W

6800.2H Herbal Formulas II and Patent Formulas
This course covers the meaning of formula names, the herbs and their functions for each of nearly 150 formulas along with the amount of each individual herb, major functions and indications of each formula, contraindications, major modifications and usual methods of preparation, and modifications of the formulas for the various patterns of disharmony. This course also covers traditionally prepared herbal formulas known as “patent medicines.” Topics covered include recent legislation governing good manufacturing procedures and herbal dispensary guidelines along with drug-herb interactions. Prerequisites 5800.1H

4150.0H Food Therapy
This course introduces the concepts related to the study of the energetics of various foods according to Asian traditions. The course presents general concepts for the use of various foods, cooking methods, and conditions of eating as treatment modalities in Oriental medicine. Coursework includes the study of the Chinese medicated dietary approach to healing along with biomedical nutritional concepts, special dietary needs, and nutritional supplements. Issues regarding sensitivity to patients’ cultural needs, spiritual practices, and political beliefs help students to expand their skills in cultural awareness and competency. Class discussions regarding current political and cultural issues and concerns such as obesity, childhood obesity, GMO’s, organic foods, food safety, and world hunger help prepare students to provide patient and community education as an important part of clinical practice. Prerequisites, 3000.1A, 3010.0A, 3020.0A, 3030.1A, 3100.1A, 3400.1W, 3200.1A, 3050.0A, 3500.0B

5900.1H Integration of Herbal Medicine and Western Science
This course emphasizes the botany of Oriental and Western Herbs and their common effects and contraindications when combined with Western Pharmaceuticals. Prerequisites: 6000.3H, 5800.1H, 4150.0H, 6150.0W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B

6600.2H The Treatment of Common Diseases
This course presents herbal treatments for internal, external, traumatalogical, gynecological, pediatric diseases and diseases of the five sense organs. Prerequisites: 6000.3H, 5800.1H, 4150.2H, 5850.0H, 35000.B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B

5850.0H Herbal Pharmacy and Dispensary
This course provides practice in prescribing and filling formulas in the pharmacy. Prerequisites 5000.2H, 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B

6700.1HNCCAOM Herbal Medicine Review
This course will entail a comprehensive review for the National Commission for the Certification of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine examination. The course also includes oriental medicine foundation theory as it applies to herbal medicine and a review of nearly 300 herbal formulas and herbal patent medicines.

Western Medicial Courses

3400.1W/3400.1W-7   Medical Terminology & Anatomy and Physiology I   Prerequisite: 3100.1A
4000.2W/4000.2W-7   Anatomy and Physiology II   Prerequisites 3400.1W/3400.1W-7
4600.3W/4600.3W-7   Anatomy and Physiology III Prerequisites 4000.2W/4000.2W-7
5400.4W/5400.4W-7   Anatomy and Physiology IV Prerequisites 4600.3W/4600.3W-7

These courses present a systematic approach to human anatomy (skeletal, muscular, respiratory, digestive, genital, urinary and nervous systems) and the normal functioning of the human body based on fundamental biophysical principles. Courses III and IV involve intensive study of the musculoskeletal system and diseases commonly associated with the musculoskeletal system. Neurological study of the structure and function of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves is emphasized to include neurochemistry and common diseases.

4620.0W Neuro-Anatomy
This course covers anatomy and physiology of the basic structures of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system, structure and functions of cranial nerves, nervous plexuses, peripheral and basal ganglia; structure and function of sensory and motor CNS tracts; composition of cerebrospinal fluid and the structures involved in synthesis and absorption; functional deficits with lesions in the CNS or peripheral nerves; basic concept of reflexes. Prerequisites 4000.2W, 4000.2W-7, 3500.0B, 4175.0B

4640.0W Clinical Neurology
This course teaches: the assessment of mental status, cognitive function, assessment of aphasia, apraxia, dyslexia, agnosia, physical examination techniques, cranial nerves examination, examination of motor function and reflexes, sensory examination, and examination of meningeal signs, cerebellar function, and vestibular function. Prerequisites: 3400.1W, 3400.1W-7, 4000.2W, 4000.2W-7,3500.0B, 4175.0B,

6400.0W Microbiology
This course is designed to emphasize the role of living agents in health and disease including bacterial physiology, genetics, virology, microorganisms, pathophysiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
Prerequisites: 4000.2W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B

4660.0W Western Pathology
This course is a clinical approach to lay the foundation for an understanding of the basic mechanisms of disease. It involves the study of diseases, genetic disorders, immunology neoplasia, and pathology of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, musculoskeletal, nervous and endocrine systems. Prerequisites: 4000.2W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B

5440.0W Western Diagnostics
The student is presented with lectures and practicum experiences to learn routine procedures in physical diagnosis. The student learns how to obtain a medical history, perform a physical examination, write SOAP notes, and write a narrative report that includes a diagnosis and treatment plan. The course concludes with a practical test in which each student conducts a complete physical examination on a fellow student and then writes a narrative report. The student will learn the relevance of laboratory and diagnostic tests and procedures as well as the basis and need for referral and/or consultation. Prerequisites 4600.3W, 4660.0W, 4680.0W, 3500.0B, 4175.0B

5480.0W Radiology
This course deals with diagnosis of disease using various techniques of visualization. This includes study of how to examine a chest film, mediastinal structures, ultrasonography, computerized tomography, thermography, the lung, the heart, the abdomen, the contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract, the skull, bones, and the spine. Prerequisites 4600.3W, 4680.0W, 3500.0B, 5960.0B, 4175.0B

6100.1W Integrated Medicine and Psychiatric Issues
This course covers foundational material regarding acupuncture physicians working in integrated medical settings, especially regarding clinical approaches to working with patients with mental, emotional, and behavioral problems. Coursework emphasizes assessment of mental health disorders from both an Oriental medical perspective as well as from a Western medical perspective based on the taxonomy system found in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). Disorders including Depression, Bipolar disorder, Anxiety, sleep disorders, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, Autism, Personality Disorders, Schizophrenia, Cognitive Disorders, and Substance Dependence Disorders are covered from the perspectives of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and referral. Therapeutic approaches to counseling are discussed and include coverage of ethical and professional issues such as professional boundaries, informed consent, cultural competency and responsibilities as mandated reporters. Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B, 5400.4W, 4620.0W, 4640.0W, 4680.0W, 5440.0W, 5480.0W

6150.0W Western Pharmacology
This course presents the major groups of pharmaceuticals in this country, their uses, common prescription names and potential complications when used with herbal therapy. Prerequisites 6800.2H, 5400.4W

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Clinical Courses

3600.1C Clinical Observation I
Students observe all aspects of history taking, examination, diagnosis and treatment under the supervision of a Licensed Acupuncture Physician.

4200.2C Clinical Observation II
With an emphasis on medical record keeping, students continue to observe and discuss all aspects of clinical practice including point location, needling and palpation techniques, moxibustion, and Tui-Na massage under the supervision of a Licensed Acupuncture Physician. Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 3600.1C

4900.3C/4900.3C-7 Clinical Internship III
Again, with an emphasis on medical record keeping, students participate in advanced application of clinical procedures and patient treatment under the direction of the supervising Acupuncture Physician. Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4200.2C

5600.4C/5600.4C-7 Clinical Internship IV
Students will continue assisting with all aspects of patient care; including conducting patient interviews and forming diagnosis and treatment plans that are approved or modified by the supervising Acupuncture Physician. Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B, 4900.3C

6200.5C/6200.5C-7 Clinical Internship V
Students focus on patient interview, diagnosis and prescription of appropriate herbal formulas.
Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B, 5600.4C, 5000.2H

6900.6C/6900.6C-7 Clinical Internship VI
This is the final phase of clinical practice in which the student practices as a Senior Intern. Interns are responsible for complete patient care with near total independence of practice. Competency is expected with regard to diagnosis, treatment, acupuncture prescription, selection of appropriate herbal formulas, and social interaction with the patient. Senior Interns are expected to follow-up and monitor the patient's progress. Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 4175.0B, 4800.0B, 6200.5C, 5800.1H, 5850.0H

6999.7C-7 Clinical Internship VII
This is the final phase of clinical practice in which the student practices as a Senior Intern. Interns are responsible for complete patient care with near total independence of practice. Competency is expected with regard to diagnosis, treatment, acupuncture prescription, selection of appropriate herbal formulas, and social interaction with the patient. Senior Interns are expected to follow-up and monitor the patient's progress. Prerequisites: 3500.0B, 4175.B, 4800.B, 6200.5C, 5800.1H, 5850.0H

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Counseling/Business Courses

5550.1B Business Management I
This course familiarizes students with the process of opening and managing a health care practice. Students learn marketing techniques and strategies relating to the operation of a private practice. Topics include writing a business plan, developing office policies and procedures including a risk management plan, insurance billing, business ethics, and the new requirements regarding electronic health records (EHR). Coursework includes a major focus on marketing techniques and strategies relating to the operation of a private practice. As part of their required coursework, students will develop their own business plans and marketing plans.

6050.2B Business Management II
This course utilizes a case study framework to maximize student learning about the methods and communication skills related to insurance billing and the use of electronic health records (EHR). Topics covered include: how to verify insurance coverage prior to treatment, what information an insurance company will need, how to use billing codes effectively, and ethical use of patients’ health information. Coursework will include coverage of the recent changes in legislation and regulations regarding insurance coverage and electronic health records, including updated information on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 relating to the operation of a private practice. In addition, coursework provides students with important information governing the practice of acupuncture in the United States with a special emphasis on legislation, regulations, and rules of law pertaining to Florida. This course also covers up-to-date information on quality improvement with regard to the prevention and proper handling of medical errors. Prerequisite: 5550.1B

3500.0B Basic Principles of Patient-Centered Care
This course will provide students with their first orientation to working in the student intern clinic. The organizing concept for this course is patient-centered care. Patient-centered care involves accommodating differences in patient preferences and encouraging shared decision making in all aspects of care. Students will learn the basic knowledge, skills, and abilities that are necessary in providing every patient with respect, proper care, and effective communication. Students will be introduced to several of the major subject areas that infuse most other courses related to providing clinical care such as cultural competency, evidence-based medicine (EBM), and quality improvement. Coursework covers important information about HIPAA and OSHA requirements, basic patient communication skills, and basic concepts of quality improvement in a clinical setting. The course also introduces the subject of ethical behavior in the clinical setting and covers such topics as professional boundaries and confidentiality.

4175.0B Quality Improvement in Clinical Settings
This course provides students with their orientation to the assistantship intern level in their clinical rotations. Quality improvement involves identifying errors and hazards in care along with the ability to think systemically in analyzing systems and designing changes with the objective of improving the quality of patient care. Students will learn the basic knowledge and skills involved in handling clinic emergencies including the basics of first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In addition, students will learn the foundational skills involved in working as part of an interdisciplinary team. Coursework will cover the basic skills involved in professional communications with simulations involving collaborating, communicating, and integrating care as a member of a team. The course also introduces the basic concepts involved in inter-professional education and provides an overview of the licensed Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) modalities. The course will also cover the practical requirements and duties expected of interns entering the assistantship intern level. Prerequisite: 3500.0B

4800.0B Basic Counseling Skills
This course provides students with an orientation and preparation for becoming a treating intern in the student intern clinic. The coursework focuses on the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to become a capable and effective practitioner of acupuncture and Oriental medicine. Coursework includes training in the development of the basic skills necessary for building a therapeutic relationship with the patient including advanced listening skills as well as skills in establishing trust and effective and culturally competent communication. The course also provides education regarding narrative medicine and the capable completion of professional SOAP notes.
Prerequisite: 3500.0B, 4175.0B

5300.0B Case Management, Red Flags and Medical Emergencies
This course provides students with situational awareness training through a scenario-based education on medical red flags, emergence situations and medical referral procedures. The coursework focuses on the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to become a capable practitioner in providing patient-centered care for the patient whose symptomology raises red flags about serious or emergency medical conditions. Course work includes training in recognition of these medical red flags and how to communicate effectively with the patient about the possible medical emergency he or she might be facing. The course also provides education in the standards of professionalism necessary for effective communication with other healthcare professionals when making referrals or conducting consultations.

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